Developer Interface¶

This part of the documentation covers all the interfaces of Requests. For parts where Requests depends on external libraries, we document the most important right here and provide links to the canonical documentation.

Main Interface¶

All of Requests’ functionality can be accessed by these 7 methods. They all return an instance of the Response object.

requests.request(method, url, **kwargs)[source]¶

Constructs and sends a Request.

Parameters

method – method for the new Request object: GET, OPTIONS, HEAD, POST, PUT, PATCH, or DELETE.
url – URL for the new Request object.
params – (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send in the query string for the Request.
data – (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the Request.
json – (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the Request.
headers – (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the Request.
cookies – (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the Request.
files – (optional) Dictionary of 'name': file-like-objects (or {'name': file-tuple}) for multipart encoding upload. file-tuple can be a 2-tuple ('filename', fileobj), 3-tuple ('filename', fileobj, 'content_type') or a 4-tuple ('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers), where 'content-type' is a string defining the content type of the given file and custom_headers a dict-like object containing additional headers to add for the file.
auth – (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
timeout (float or tuple) – (optional) How many seconds to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a (connect timeout, read timeout) tuple.
allow_redirects (bool) – (optional) Boolean. Enable/disable GET/OPTIONS/POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE/HEAD redirection. Defaults to True.
proxies – (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
verify – (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server’s TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to True.
stream – (optional) if False, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
cert – (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, (‘cert’, ‘key’) pair.

Returns

Response object

Return type

requests.Response

Usage:

>>> import requests
>>> req = requests.request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/get')
>>> req
<Response [200]>

requests.head(url, **kwargs)[source]¶

Sends a HEAD request.

Parameters

url – URL for the new Request object.
**kwargs – Optional arguments that request takes. If allow_redirects is not provided, it will be set to False (as opposed to the default request behavior).

Returns

Response object

Return type

requests.Response

requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs)[source]¶

Sends a GET request.

Parameters

url – URL for the new Request object.
params – (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send in the query string for the Request.
**kwargs – Optional arguments that request takes.

Returns

Response object

Return type

requests.Response

requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs)[source]¶

Sends a POST request.

Parameters

url – URL for the new Request object.
data – (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the Request.
json – (optional) json data to send in the body of the Request.
**kwargs – Optional arguments that request takes.

Returns

Response object

Return type

requests.Response

requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs)[source]¶

Sends a PUT request.

Parameters

url – URL for the new Request object.
data – (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the Request.
json – (optional) json data to send in the body of the Request.
**kwargs – Optional arguments that request takes.

Returns

Response object

Return type

requests.Response

requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs)[source]¶

Sends a PATCH request.

Parameters

url – URL for the new Request object.
data – (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the Request.
json – (optional) json data to send in the body of the Request.
**kwargs – Optional arguments that request takes.

Returns

Response object

Return type

requests.Response

requests.delete(url, **kwargs)[source]¶

Sends a DELETE request.

Parameters

url – URL for the new Request object.
**kwargs – Optional arguments that request takes.

Returns

Response object

Return type

requests.Response

Exceptions¶

exception requests.RequestException(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶: There was an ambiguous exception that occurred while handling your request.

exception requests.ConnectionError(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶: A Connection error occurred.

exception requests.HTTPError(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶: An HTTP error occurred.

exception requests.URLRequired(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶: A valid URL is required to make a request.

exception requests.TooManyRedirects(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶: Too many redirects.

exception requests.ConnectTimeout(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶

The request timed out while trying to connect to the remote server.

Requests that produced this error are safe to retry.

exception requests.ReadTimeout(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶: The server did not send any data in the allotted amount of time.

exception requests.Timeout(*args, **kwargs)[source]¶

The request timed out.

Catching this error will catch both ConnectTimeout and ReadTimeout errors.

Request Sessions¶

class requests.Session[source]¶

A Requests session.

Provides cookie persistence, connection-pooling, and configuration.

Basic Usage:

>>> import requests
>>> s = requests.Session()
>>> s.get('https://httpbin.org/get')
<Response [200]>

Or as a context manager:

>>> with requests.Session() as s:
...     s.get('https://httpbin.org/get')
<Response [200]>

auth¶: Default Authentication tuple or object to attach to Request.

cert¶: SSL client certificate default, if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, (‘cert’, ‘key’) pair.

close()[source]¶: Closes all adapters and as such the session

cookies¶: A CookieJar containing all currently outstanding cookies set on this session. By default it is a RequestsCookieJar, but may be any other cookielib.CookieJar compatible object.

delete(url, **kwargs)[source]¶

Sends a DELETE request. Returns Response object.

Parameters

url – URL for the new Request object.
**kwargs – Optional arguments that request takes.

Return type

requests.Response

get(url, **kwargs)[source]¶

Sends a GET request. Returns Response object.

Parameters

url – URL for the new Request object.
**kwargs – Optional arguments that request takes.

Return type

requests.Response

get_adapter(url)[source]¶

Returns the appropriate connection adapter for the given URL.

Return type: requests.adapters.BaseAdapter

get_redirect_target(resp)¶: Receives a Response. Returns a redirect URI or None

head(url, **kwargs)[source]¶

Sends a HEAD request. Returns Response object.

Parameters

url – URL for the new Request object.
**kwargs – Optional arguments that request takes.

Return type

requests.Response

headers¶: A case-insensitive dictionary of headers to be sent on each Request sent from this Session.

hooks¶: Event-handling hooks.

max_redirects¶: Maximum number of redirects allowed. If the request exceeds this limit, a TooManyRedirects exception is raised. This defaults to requests.models.DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT, which is 30.

merge_environment_settings(url, proxies, stream, verify, cert)[source]¶

Check the environment and merge it with some settings.

Return type: dict

mount(prefix, adapter)[source]¶

Registers a connection adapter to a prefix.

Adapters are sorted in descending order by prefix length.

options(url, **kwargs)[source]¶

Sends a OPTIONS request. Returns Response object.

Parameters

url – URL for the new Request object.
**kwargs – Optional arguments that request takes.

Return type

requests.Response

params¶: Dictionary of querystring data to attach to each Request. The dictionary values may be lists for representing multivalued query parameters.

patch(url, data=None, **kwargs)[source]¶

Sends a PATCH request. Returns Response object.

Parameters

url – URL for the new Request object.
data – (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the Request.
**kwargs – Optional arguments that request takes.

Return type

requests.Response

post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs)[source]¶

Sends a POST request. Returns Response object.

Parameters

url – URL for the new Request object.
data – (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the Request.
json – (optional) json to send in the body of the Request.
**kwargs – Optional arguments that request takes.

Return type

requests.Response

prepare_request(request)[source]¶

Constructs a PreparedRequest for transmission and returns it. The PreparedRequest has settings merged from the Request instance and those of the Session.

Parameters: request – Request instance to prepare with this session’s settings.
Return type: requests.PreparedRequest

proxies¶: Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and host to the URL of the proxy (e.g. {‘http’: ‘foo.bar:3128’, ‘http://host.name’: ‘foo.bar:4012’}) to be used on each Request.

put(url, data=None, **kwargs)[source]¶

Sends a PUT request. Returns Response object.

Parameters

url – URL for the new Request object.
data – (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the Request.
**kwargs – Optional arguments that request takes.

Return type

requests.Response

rebuild_auth(prepared_request, response)¶: When being redirected we may want to strip authentication from the request to avoid leaking credentials. This method intelligently removes and reapplies authentication where possible to avoid credential loss.

rebuild_method(prepared_request, response)¶: When being redirected we may want to change the method of the request based on certain specs or browser behavior.

rebuild_proxies(prepared_request, proxies)¶

This method re-evaluates the proxy configuration by considering the environment variables. If we are redirected to a URL covered by NO_PROXY, we strip the proxy configuration. Otherwise, we set missing proxy keys for this URL (in case they were stripped by a previous redirect).

This method also replaces the Proxy-Authorization header where necessary.

Return type: dict

request(method, url, params=None, data=None, headers=None, cookies=None, files=None, auth=None, timeout=None, allow_redirects=True, proxies=None, hooks=None, stream=None, verify=None, cert=None, json=None)[source]¶

Constructs a Request, prepares it and sends it. Returns Response object.

Parameters

method – method for the new Request object.
url – URL for the new Request object.
params – (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the Request.
data – (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the Request.
json – (optional) json to send in the body of the Request.
headers – (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the Request.
cookies – (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the Request.
files – (optional) Dictionary of 'filename': file-like-objects for multipart encoding upload.
auth – (optional) Auth tuple or callable to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
timeout (float or tuple) – (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a (connect timeout, read timeout) tuple.
allow_redirects (bool) – (optional) Set to True by default.
proxies – (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and hostname to the URL of the proxy.
stream – (optional) whether to immediately download the response content. Defaults to False.
verify – (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server’s TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to True. When set to False, requests will accept any TLS certificate presented by the server, and will ignore hostname mismatches and/or expired certificates, which will make your application vulnerable to man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks. Setting verify to False may be useful during local development or testing.
cert – (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, (‘cert’, ‘key’) pair.

Return type

requests.Response

resolve_redirects(resp, req, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None, yield_requests=False, **adapter_kwargs)¶: Receives a Response. Returns a generator of Responses or Requests.

send(request, **kwargs)[source]¶

Send a given PreparedRequest.

Return type: requests.Response

should_strip_auth(old_url, new_url)¶: Decide whether Authorization header should be removed when redirecting

stream¶: Stream response content default.

trust_env¶: Trust environment settings for proxy configuration, default authentication and similar.

verify¶: SSL Verification default. Defaults to True, requiring requests to verify the TLS certificate at the remote end. If verify is set to False, requests will accept any TLS certificate presented by the server, and will ignore hostname mismatches and/or expired certificates, which will make your application vulnerable to man-in-the-middle (MitM) attacks. Only set this to False for testing.

Lower-Level Classes¶

class requests.Request(method=None, url=None, headers=None, files=None, data=None, params=None, auth=None, cookies=None, hooks=None, json=None)[source]¶

A user-created Request object.

Used to prepare a PreparedRequest, which is sent to the server.

Parameters

method – HTTP method to use.
url – URL to send.
headers – dictionary of headers to send.
files – dictionary of {filename: fileobject} files to multipart upload.
data – the body to attach to the request. If a dictionary or list of tuples [(key, value)] is provided, form-encoding will take place.
json – json for the body to attach to the request (if files or data is not specified).
params – URL parameters to append to the URL. If a dictionary or list of tuples [(key, value)] is provided, form-encoding will take place.
auth – Auth handler or (user, pass) tuple.
cookies – dictionary or CookieJar of cookies to attach to this request.
hooks – dictionary of callback hooks, for internal usage.

Usage:

>>> import requests
>>> req = requests.Request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/get')
>>> req.prepare()
<PreparedRequest [GET]>

deregister_hook(event, hook)¶: Deregister a previously registered hook. Returns True if the hook existed, False if not.

prepare()[source]¶: Constructs a PreparedRequest for transmission and returns it.

register_hook(event, hook)¶: Properly register a hook.

class requests.Response[source]¶

The Response object, which contains a server’s response to an HTTP request.

property apparent_encoding¶: The apparent encoding, provided by the chardet library.

close()[source]¶

Releases the connection back to the pool. Once this method has been called the underlying raw object must not be accessed again.

Note: Should not normally need to be called explicitly.

property content¶: Content of the response, in bytes.

cookies¶: A CookieJar of Cookies the server sent back.

elapsed¶: The amount of time elapsed between sending the request and the arrival of the response (as a timedelta). This property specifically measures the time taken between sending the first byte of the request and finishing parsing the headers. It is therefore unaffected by consuming the response content or the value of the stream keyword argument.

encoding¶: Encoding to decode with when accessing r.text.

headers¶: Case-insensitive Dictionary of Response Headers. For example, headers['content-encoding'] will return the value of a 'Content-Encoding' response header.

history¶: A list of Response objects from the history of the Request. Any redirect responses will end up here. The list is sorted from the oldest to the most recent request.

property is_permanent_redirect¶: True if this Response one of the permanent versions of redirect.

property is_redirect¶: True if this Response is a well-formed HTTP redirect that could have been processed automatically (by Session.resolve_redirects).

iter_content(chunk_size=1, decode_unicode=False)[source]¶

Iterates over the response data. When stream=True is set on the request, this avoids reading the content at once into memory for large responses. The chunk size is the number of bytes it should read into memory. This is not necessarily the length of each item returned as decoding can take place.

chunk_size must be of type int or None. A value of None will function differently depending on the value of stream. stream=True will read data as it arrives in whatever size the chunks are received. If stream=False, data is returned as a single chunk.

If decode_unicode is True, content will be decoded using the best available encoding based on the response.

iter_lines(chunk_size=512, decode_unicode=False, delimiter=None)[source]¶: Iterates over the response data, one line at a time. When stream=True is set on the request, this avoids reading the content at once into memory for large responses.

Note

This method is not reentrant safe.

json(**kwargs)[source]¶

Returns the json-encoded content of a response, if any.

Parameters: **kwargs – Optional arguments that json.loads takes.
Raises: ValueError – If the response body does not contain valid json.

property links¶: Returns the parsed header links of the response, if any.

property next¶: Returns a PreparedRequest for the next request in a redirect chain, if there is one.

property ok¶

Returns True if status_code is less than 400, False if not.

This attribute checks if the status code of the response is between 400 and 600 to see if there was a client error or a server error. If the status code is between 200 and 400, this will return True. This is not a check to see if the response code is 200 OK.

raise_for_status()[source]¶: Raises HTTPError, if one occurred.

raw¶: File-like object representation of response (for advanced usage). Use of raw requires that stream=True be set on the request. This requirement does not apply for use internally to Requests.

reason¶: Textual reason of responded HTTP Status, e.g. “Not Found” or “OK”.

request¶: The PreparedRequest object to which this is a response.

status_code¶: Integer Code of responded HTTP Status, e.g. 404 or 200.

property text¶

Content of the response, in unicode.

If Response.encoding is None, encoding will be guessed using chardet.

The encoding of the response content is determined based solely on HTTP headers, following RFC 2616 to the letter. If you can take advantage of non-HTTP knowledge to make a better guess at the encoding, you should set r.encoding appropriately before accessing this property.

url¶: Final URL location of Response.

Lower-Lower-Level Classes¶

class requests.PreparedRequest[source]¶

The fully mutable PreparedRequest object, containing the exact bytes that will be sent to the server.

Instances are generated from a Request object, and should not be instantiated manually; doing so may produce undesirable effects.

Usage:

>>> import requests
>>> req = requests.Request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/get')
>>> r = req.prepare()
>>> r
<PreparedRequest [GET]>

>>> s = requests.Session()
>>> s.send(r)
<Response [200]>

body¶: request body to send to the server.

deregister_hook(event, hook)¶: Deregister a previously registered hook. Returns True if the hook existed, False if not.

headers¶: dictionary of HTTP headers.

hooks¶: dictionary of callback hooks, for internal usage.

method¶: HTTP verb to send to the server.

property path_url¶: Build the path URL to use.

prepare(method=None, url=None, headers=None, files=None, data=None, params=None, auth=None, cookies=None, hooks=None, json=None)[source]¶: Prepares the entire request with the given parameters.

prepare_auth(auth, url='')[source]¶: Prepares the given HTTP auth data.

prepare_body(data, files, json=None)[source]¶: Prepares the given HTTP body data.

prepare_content_length(body)[source]¶: Prepare Content-Length header based on request method and body

prepare_cookies(cookies)[source]¶

Prepares the given HTTP cookie data.

This function eventually generates a Cookie header from the given cookies using cookielib. Due to cookielib’s design, the header will not be regenerated if it already exists, meaning this function can only be called once for the life of the PreparedRequest object. Any subsequent calls to prepare_cookies will have no actual effect, unless the “Cookie” header is removed beforehand.

prepare_headers(headers)[source]¶: Prepares the given HTTP headers.

prepare_hooks(hooks)[source]¶: Prepares the given hooks.

prepare_method(method)[source]¶: Prepares the given HTTP method.

prepare_url(url, params)[source]¶: Prepares the given HTTP URL.

register_hook(event, hook)¶: Properly register a hook.

url¶: HTTP URL to send the request to.

class requests.adapters.BaseAdapter[source]¶

The Base Transport Adapter

close()[source]¶: Cleans up adapter specific items.

send(request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None)[source]¶

Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.

Parameters

request – The PreparedRequest being sent.
stream – (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
timeout (float or tuple) – (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a (connect timeout, read timeout) tuple.
verify – (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server’s TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use
cert – (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
proxies – (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.

class requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter(pool_connections=10, pool_maxsize=10, max_retries=0, pool_block=False)[source]¶

The built-in HTTP Adapter for urllib3.

Provides a general-case interface for Requests sessions to contact HTTP and HTTPS urls by implementing the Transport Adapter interface. This class will usually be created by the Session class under the covers.

Parameters

pool_connections – The number of urllib3 connection pools to cache.
pool_maxsize – The maximum number of connections to save in the pool.
max_retries – The maximum number of retries each connection should attempt. Note, this applies only to failed DNS lookups, socket connections and connection timeouts, never to requests where data has made it to the server. By default, Requests does not retry failed connections. If you need granular control over the conditions under which we retry a request, import urllib3’s Retry class and pass that instead.
pool_block – Whether the connection pool should block for connections.

Usage:

>>> import requests
>>> s = requests.Session()
>>> a = requests.adapters.HTTPAdapter(max_retries=3)
>>> s.mount('http://', a)

add_headers(request, **kwargs)[source]¶

Add any headers needed by the connection. As of v2.0 this does nothing by default, but is left for overriding by users that subclass the HTTPAdapter.

This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the HTTPAdapter.

Parameters

request – The PreparedRequest to add headers to.
kwargs – The keyword arguments from the call to send().

build_response(req, resp)[source]¶

Builds a Response object from a urllib3 response. This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the HTTPAdapter

Parameters

req – The PreparedRequest used to generate the response.
resp – The urllib3 response object.

Return type

requests.Response

cert_verify(conn, url, verify, cert)[source]¶

Verify a SSL certificate. This method should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the HTTPAdapter.

Parameters

conn – The urllib3 connection object associated with the cert.
url – The requested URL.
verify – Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server’s TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use
cert – The SSL certificate to verify.

close()[source]¶

Disposes of any internal state.

Currently, this closes the PoolManager and any active ProxyManager, which closes any pooled connections.

get_connection(url, proxies=None)[source]¶

Returns a urllib3 connection for the given URL. This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the HTTPAdapter.

Parameters

url – The URL to connect to.
proxies – (optional) A Requests-style dictionary of proxies used on this request.

Return type

urllib3.ConnectionPool

init_poolmanager(connections, maxsize, block=False, **pool_kwargs)[source]¶

Initializes a urllib3 PoolManager.

This method should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the HTTPAdapter.

Parameters

connections – The number of urllib3 connection pools to cache.
maxsize – The maximum number of connections to save in the pool.
block – Block when no free connections are available.
pool_kwargs – Extra keyword arguments used to initialize the Pool Manager.

proxy_headers(proxy)[source]¶

Returns a dictionary of the headers to add to any request sent through a proxy. This works with urllib3 magic to ensure that they are correctly sent to the proxy, rather than in a tunnelled request if CONNECT is being used.

This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the HTTPAdapter.

Parameters: proxy – The url of the proxy being used for this request.
Return type: dict

proxy_manager_for(proxy, **proxy_kwargs)[source]¶

Return urllib3 ProxyManager for the given proxy.

This method should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the HTTPAdapter.

Parameters

proxy – The proxy to return a urllib3 ProxyManager for.
proxy_kwargs – Extra keyword arguments used to configure the Proxy Manager.

Returns

ProxyManager

Return type

urllib3.ProxyManager

request_url(request, proxies)[source]¶

Obtain the url to use when making the final request.

If the message is being sent through a HTTP proxy, the full URL has to be used. Otherwise, we should only use the path portion of the URL.

This should not be called from user code, and is only exposed for use when subclassing the HTTPAdapter.

Parameters

request – The PreparedRequest being sent.
proxies – A dictionary of schemes or schemes and hosts to proxy URLs.

Return type

str

send(request, stream=False, timeout=None, verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None)[source]¶

Sends PreparedRequest object. Returns Response object.

Parameters

request – The PreparedRequest being sent.
stream – (optional) Whether to stream the request content.
timeout (float or tuple or urllib3 Timeout object) – (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data before giving up, as a float, or a (connect timeout, read timeout) tuple.
verify – (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify the server’s TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path to a CA bundle to use
cert – (optional) Any user-provided SSL certificate to be trusted.
proxies – (optional) The proxies dictionary to apply to the request.

Return type

requests.Response

Authentication¶

class requests.auth.AuthBase[source]¶: Base class that all auth implementations derive from

class requests.auth.HTTPBasicAuth(username, password)[source]¶: Attaches HTTP Basic Authentication to the given Request object.

class requests.auth.HTTPProxyAuth(username, password)[source]¶: Attaches HTTP Proxy Authentication to a given Request object.

class requests.auth.HTTPDigestAuth(username, password)[source]¶: Attaches HTTP Digest Authentication to the given Request object.

Encodings¶

requests.utils.get_encodings_from_content(content)[source]¶

Returns encodings from given content string.

Parameters: content – bytestring to extract encodings from.

requests.utils.get_encoding_from_headers(headers)[source]¶

Returns encodings from given HTTP Header Dict.

Parameters: headers – dictionary to extract encoding from.
Return type: str

requests.utils.get_unicode_from_response(r)[source]¶

Returns the requested content back in unicode.

Parameters: r – Response object to get unicode content from.

Tried:

charset from content-type
fall back and replace all unicode characters

Return type: str

Cookies¶

requests.utils.dict_from_cookiejar(cj)[source]¶

Returns a key/value dictionary from a CookieJar.

Parameters: cj – CookieJar object to extract cookies from.
Return type: dict

requests.utils.add_dict_to_cookiejar(cj, cookie_dict)[source]¶

Returns a CookieJar from a key/value dictionary.

Parameters

cj – CookieJar to insert cookies into.
cookie_dict – Dict of key/values to insert into CookieJar.

Return type

CookieJar

requests.cookies.cookiejar_from_dict(cookie_dict, cookiejar=None, overwrite=True)[source]¶

Returns a CookieJar from a key/value dictionary.

Parameters

cookie_dict – Dict of key/values to insert into CookieJar.
cookiejar – (optional) A cookiejar to add the cookies to.
overwrite – (optional) If False, will not replace cookies already in the jar with new ones.

Return type

CookieJar

class requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar(policy=None)[source]¶

Compatibility class; is a cookielib.CookieJar, but exposes a dict interface.

This is the CookieJar we create by default for requests and sessions that don’t specify one, since some clients may expect response.cookies and session.cookies to support dict operations.

Requests does not use the dict interface internally; it’s just for compatibility with external client code. All requests code should work out of the box with externally provided instances of CookieJar, e.g. LWPCookieJar and FileCookieJar.

Unlike a regular CookieJar, this class is pickleable.

Warning

dictionary operations that are normally O(1) may be O(n).

add_cookie_header(request)¶

Add correct Cookie: header to request (urllib.request.Request object).

The Cookie2 header is also added unless policy.hide_cookie2 is true.

clear(domain=None, path=None, name=None)¶

Clear some cookies.

Invoking this method without arguments will clear all cookies. If given a single argument, only cookies belonging to that domain will be removed. If given two arguments, cookies belonging to the specified path within that domain are removed. If given three arguments, then the cookie with the specified name, path and domain is removed.

Raises KeyError if no matching cookie exists.

clear_expired_cookies()¶

Discard all expired cookies.

You probably don’t need to call this method: expired cookies are never sent back to the server (provided you’re using DefaultCookiePolicy), this method is called by CookieJar itself every so often, and the .save() method won’t save expired cookies anyway (unless you ask otherwise by passing a true ignore_expires argument).

clear_session_cookies()¶

Discard all session cookies.

Note that the .save() method won’t save session cookies anyway, unless you ask otherwise by passing a true ignore_discard argument.

copy()[source]¶: Return a copy of this RequestsCookieJar.

extract_cookies(response, request)¶: Extract cookies from response, where allowable given the request.

get(name, default=None, domain=None, path=None)[source]¶: Dict-like get() that also supports optional domain and path args in order to resolve naming collisions from using one cookie jar over multiple domains.

Warning

operation is O(n), not O(1).

get_dict(domain=None, path=None)[source]¶

Takes as an argument an optional domain and path and returns a plain old Python dict of name-value pairs of cookies that meet the requirements.

Return type: dict

get_policy()[source]¶: Return the CookiePolicy instance used.

items()[source]¶: Dict-like items() that returns a list of name-value tuples from the jar. Allows client-code to call dict(RequestsCookieJar) and get a vanilla python dict of key value pairs.

See also

keys() and values().

iteritems()[source]¶: Dict-like iteritems() that returns an iterator of name-value tuples from the jar.

See also

iterkeys() and itervalues().

iterkeys()[source]¶: Dict-like iterkeys() that returns an iterator of names of cookies from the jar.

See also

itervalues() and iteritems().

itervalues()[source]¶: Dict-like itervalues() that returns an iterator of values of cookies from the jar.

See also

iterkeys() and iteritems().

keys()[source]¶: Dict-like keys() that returns a list of names of cookies from the jar.

See also

values() and items().

list_domains()[source]¶: Utility method to list all the domains in the jar.

list_paths()[source]¶: Utility method to list all the paths in the jar.

make_cookies(response, request)¶: Return sequence of Cookie objects extracted from response object.

multiple_domains()[source]¶

Returns True if there are multiple domains in the jar. Returns False otherwise.

Return type: bool

pop(k[, d]) → v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value.¶: If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised.

popitem() → (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair¶: as a 2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty.

set(name, value, **kwargs)[source]¶: Dict-like set() that also supports optional domain and path args in order to resolve naming collisions from using one cookie jar over multiple domains.

set_cookie(cookie, *args, **kwargs)[source]¶: Set a cookie, without checking whether or not it should be set.

set_cookie_if_ok(cookie, request)¶: Set a cookie if policy says it’s OK to do so.

setdefault(k[, d]) → D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D¶

update(other)[source]¶: Updates this jar with cookies from another CookieJar or dict-like

values()[source]¶: Dict-like values() that returns a list of values of cookies from the jar.

See also

keys() and items().

class requests.cookies.CookieConflictError[source]¶

There are two cookies that meet the criteria specified in the cookie jar. Use .get and .set and include domain and path args in order to be more specific.

with_traceback()¶: Exception.with_traceback(tb) – set self.__traceback__ to tb and return self.

Status Code Lookup¶

requests.codes¶

The codes object defines a mapping from common names for HTTP statuses to their numerical codes, accessible either as attributes or as dictionary items.

Example:

>>> import requests
>>> requests.codes['temporary_redirect']
307
>>> requests.codes.teapot
418
>>> requests.codes['\o/']
200

Some codes have multiple names, and both upper- and lower-case versions of the names are allowed. For example, codes.ok, codes.OK, and codes.okay all correspond to the HTTP status code 200.

100: continue
101: switching_protocols
102: processing
103: checkpoint
122: uri_too_long, request_uri_too_long
200: ok, okay, all_ok, all_okay, all_good, \o/, ✓
201: created
202: accepted
203: non_authoritative_info, non_authoritative_information
204: no_content
205: reset_content, reset
206: partial_content, partial
207: multi_status, multiple_status, multi_stati, multiple_stati
208: already_reported
226: im_used
300: multiple_choices
301: moved_permanently, moved, \o-
302: found
303: see_other, other
304: not_modified
305: use_proxy
306: switch_proxy
307: temporary_redirect, temporary_moved, temporary
308: permanent_redirect, resume_incomplete, resume
400: bad_request, bad
401: unauthorized
402: payment_required, payment
403: forbidden
404: not_found, -o-
405: method_not_allowed, not_allowed
406: not_acceptable
407: proxy_authentication_required, proxy_auth, proxy_authentication
408: request_timeout, timeout
409: conflict
410: gone
411: length_required
412: precondition_failed, precondition
413: request_entity_too_large
414: request_uri_too_large
415: unsupported_media_type, unsupported_media, media_type
416: requested_range_not_satisfiable, requested_range, range_not_satisfiable
417: expectation_failed
418: im_a_teapot, teapot, i_am_a_teapot
421: misdirected_request
422: unprocessable_entity, unprocessable
423: locked
424: failed_dependency, dependency
425: unordered_collection, unordered
426: upgrade_required, upgrade
428: precondition_required, precondition
429: too_many_requests, too_many
431: header_fields_too_large, fields_too_large
444: no_response, none
449: retry_with, retry
450: blocked_by_windows_parental_controls, parental_controls
451: unavailable_for_legal_reasons, legal_reasons
499: client_closed_request
500: internal_server_error, server_error, /o\, ✗
501: not_implemented
502: bad_gateway
503: service_unavailable, unavailable
504: gateway_timeout
505: http_version_not_supported, http_version
506: variant_also_negotiates
507: insufficient_storage
509: bandwidth_limit_exceeded, bandwidth
510: not_extended
511: network_authentication_required, network_auth, network_authentication

Migrating to 1.x¶

This section details the main differences between 0.x and 1.x and is meant to ease the pain of upgrading.

API Changes¶

Response.json is now a callable and not a property of a response.

import requests
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')
r.json()   # This *call* raises an exception if JSON decoding fails

The Session API has changed. Sessions objects no longer take parameters. Session is also now capitalized, but it can still be instantiated with a lowercase session for backwards compatibility.
```
s = requests.Session()    # formerly, session took parameters
s.auth = auth
s.headers.update(headers)
r = s.get('https://httpbin.org/headers')
```
All request hooks have been removed except ‘response’.
Authentication helpers have been broken out into separate modules. See requests-oauthlib and requests-kerberos.

The parameter for streaming requests was changed from prefetch to stream and the logic was inverted. In addition, stream is now required for raw response reading.

# in 0.x, passing prefetch=False would accomplish the same thing
r = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json', stream=True)
for chunk in r.iter_content(8192):
    ...

The config parameter to the requests method has been removed. Some of these options are now configured on a Session such as keep-alive and maximum number of redirects. The verbosity option should be handled by configuring logging.

import requests
import logging

# Enabling debugging at http.client level (requests->urllib3->http.client)
# you will see the REQUEST, including HEADERS and DATA, and RESPONSE with HEADERS but without DATA.
# the only thing missing will be the response.body which is not logged.
try: # for Python 3
    from http.client import HTTPConnection
except ImportError:
    from httplib import HTTPConnection
HTTPConnection.debuglevel = 1

logging.basicConfig() # you need to initialize logging, otherwise you will not see anything from requests
logging.getLogger().setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
requests_log = logging.getLogger("urllib3")
requests_log.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
requests_log.propagate = True

requests.get('https://httpbin.org/headers')

Licensing¶

One key difference that has nothing to do with the API is a change in the license from the ISC license to the Apache 2.0 license. The Apache 2.0 license ensures that contributions to Requests are also covered by the Apache 2.0 license.

Migrating to 2.x¶

Compared with the 1.0 release, there were relatively few backwards incompatible changes, but there are still a few issues to be aware of with this major release.

For more details on the changes in this release including new APIs, links to the relevant GitHub issues and some of the bug fixes, read Cory’s blog on the subject.

API Changes¶

There were a couple changes to how Requests handles exceptions. RequestException is now a subclass of IOError rather than RuntimeError as that more accurately categorizes the type of error. In addition, an invalid URL escape sequence now raises a subclass of RequestException rather than a ValueError.
```
requests.get('http://%zz/')   # raises requests.exceptions.InvalidURL
```
Lastly, httplib.IncompleteRead exceptions caused by incorrect chunked encoding will now raise a Requests ChunkedEncodingError instead.

The proxy API has changed slightly. The scheme for a proxy URL is now required.

proxies = {
  "http": "10.10.1.10:3128",    # use http://10.10.1.10:3128 instead
}

# In requests 1.x, this was legal, in requests 2.x,
#  this raises requests.exceptions.MissingSchema
requests.get("http://example.org", proxies=proxies)

Behavioural Changes¶

Keys in the headers dictionary are now native strings on all Python versions, i.e. bytestrings on Python 2 and unicode on Python 3. If the keys are not native strings (unicode on Python 2 or bytestrings on Python 3) they will be converted to the native string type assuming UTF-8 encoding.
Values in the headers dictionary should always be strings. This has been the project’s position since before 1.0 but a recent change (since version 2.11.0) enforces this more strictly. It’s advised to avoid passing header values as unicode when possible.

Developer Interface¶

Main Interface¶

Exceptions¶

Request Sessions¶

Lower-Level Classes¶

Lower-Lower-Level Classes¶

Authentication¶

Encodings¶

Cookies¶

Status Code Lookup¶

Migrating to 1.x¶

API Changes¶

Licensing¶

Migrating to 2.x¶

API Changes¶

Behavioural Changes¶

Translations

Table of Contents

Related Topics